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Turkish–Armenian War
The Turkish–Armenian War, known as the Eastern Front ((トルコ語:Doğu Cephesi)) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey, refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres. The Turkish Army under Kâzım Karabekir defeated Armenia, and took back land which Turkey had initially lost to Armenia after World War I and from the Russian Empire in 1878.〔(Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D., ''Atlas of Conflicts: Turkish-Armenian War'' )〕
The Turkish military victory was followed by Soviet Russia's occupation and sovietization of Armenia. The Treaty of Moscow (1921) between Soviet Russia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (March 1921) and the identical Treaty of Kars (October 1921) established the modern Turkish–Armenian borders.
== Background ==
With the dissolution of the Russian Empire in the wake of the Feb 1917 revolution and of the Transcaucasian Federation in May 1918, the Armenians of the South Caucasus declared their independence and formally established the First Republic of Armenia.〔For the period leading up to independence see Richard G. Hovannisian (1967). ''Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-00574-0.〕 In its two years of existence, the tiny republic, with its capital in Yerevan, was beset with a number of debilitating problems, ranging from fierce territorial disputes with its neighbors and an appalling refugee crisis.〔The full history of the Armenian republic is covered by Richard G. Hovannisian, ''Republic of Armenia''. 4 Vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971–1996.〕
Armenia's most crippling problem was its dispute with its neighbor to the west, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans had killed as many as 1,5 million Armenians during the Armenian Genocide. Although the armies of the Ottoman Empire eventually occupied the South Caucasus in the summer of 1918 and stood poised to crush the republic, Armenia resisted until the end of October, when the Ottoman Empire capitulated to the Allied powers. Though the Ottoman Empire was partially occupied by the Allies, they did not withdraw their forces from the pre-war Russo-Turkish boundary until February 1919 and maintained many troops mobilized along this frontier.
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